These are defined as the norms, values, and structures of a society that exist independently of individual actors and shape their thoughts and behaviors. They are external to the individual, exert coercive power over them, and are general throughout a given society. As an example, consider the education system. It exists prior to any individual’s birth, dictates a structured curriculum, and influences behavior through grading and social expectations common to all students within a particular society.
Their significance lies in providing a framework for understanding social phenomena. They offer a way to analyze societal patterns, predict social behavior, and identify the root causes of social issues. Historically, the concept emerged as a critical tool for establishing sociology as a distinct academic discipline, separate from psychology and philosophy. The focus on objective, observable realities allowed sociological research to move towards a more scientific and empirical approach.
