Eastern Orthodoxy, relevant to the Advanced Placement World History curriculum, represents a major branch of Christianity that developed primarily in the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. It is characterized by its adherence to the traditions and doctrines of the early Church Fathers, the use of icons in worship, a hierarchical structure of autocephalous (self-governing) churches, and the belief in the Nicene Creed as the definitive statement of faith. A key distinguishing feature is its rejection of papal supremacy, holding instead that the highest authority rests in ecumenical councils. For example, the conversion of Prince Vladimir of Kiev to this faith in 988 CE significantly impacted the cultural and political development of Russia.
The significance of understanding this religious tradition within the context of world history lies in its profound impact on the political, social, and cultural landscapes of Eastern Europe, the Balkans, and beyond. Its influence is evident in art, architecture (Byzantine churches like Hagia Sophia), legal systems (Byzantine law), and the development of national identities in countries such as Greece, Russia, and Serbia. Furthermore, the relationship between the church and state, often characterized by caesaropapism (the subordination of the church to the state), shaped the political dynamics of these regions. The schism with the Roman Catholic Church in 1054 CE (the Great Schism) marks a pivotal moment in religious history and its ramifications continue to be felt today.
